SELECT 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id, 
  GROUP_CONCAT(
    IF(
      cscart_products_categories.link_type = "M", 
      CONCAT(
        cscart_products_categories.category_id, 
        "M"
      ), 
      cscart_products_categories.category_id
    )
  ) AS category_ids, 
  product_position_source.position AS position 
FROM 
  cscart_products_categories 
  INNER JOIN cscart_categories ON cscart_categories.category_id = cscart_products_categories.category_id 
  AND cscart_categories.storefront_id IN (0, 1) 
  AND (
    cscart_categories.usergroup_ids = '' 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      0, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    ) 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      1, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    )
  ) 
  AND cscart_categories.status IN ('A', 'H') 
  LEFT JOIN cscart_products_categories AS product_position_source ON cscart_products_categories.product_id = product_position_source.product_id 
  AND product_position_source.category_id = 308 
WHERE 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id IN (
    5927, 5928, 5929, 5930, 5994, 5995, 5996, 
    5997, 5998, 5999, 6000, 6001, 6002, 
    6105, 6106, 6107, 6108, 1653, 2224, 
    1599, 1572, 2603, 6191, 2509
  ) 
GROUP BY 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id

Query time 0.00128

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "28.90"
    },
    "grouping_operation": {
      "using_filesort": false,
      "nested_loop": [
        {
          "table": {
            "table_name": "cscart_products_categories",
            "access_type": "range",
            "possible_keys": [
              "PRIMARY",
              "pt"
            ],
            "key": "pt",
            "used_key_parts": [
              "product_id"
            ],
            "key_length": "3",
            "rows_examined_per_scan": 28,
            "rows_produced_per_join": 28,
            "filtered": "100.00",
            "index_condition": "(`test2_gaseus`.`cscart_products_categories`.`product_id` in (5927,5928,5929,5930,5994,5995,5996,5997,5998,5999,6000,6001,6002,6105,6106,6107,6108,1653,2224,1599,1572,2603,6191,2509))",
            "cost_info": {
              "read_cost": "15.81",
              "eval_cost": "2.80",
              "prefix_cost": "18.61",
              "data_read_per_join": "448"
            },
            "used_columns": [
              "product_id",
              "category_id",
              "link_type"
            ]
          }
        },
        {
          "table": {
            "table_name": "cscart_categories",
            "access_type": "eq_ref",
            "possible_keys": [
              "PRIMARY",
              "c_status",
              "p_category_id"
            ],
            "key": "PRIMARY",
            "used_key_parts": [
              "category_id"
            ],
            "key_length": "3",
            "ref": [
              "test2_gaseus.cscart_products_categories.category_id"
            ],
            "rows_examined_per_scan": 1,
            "rows_produced_per_join": 1,
            "filtered": "5.00",
            "cost_info": {
              "read_cost": "7.00",
              "eval_cost": "0.14",
              "prefix_cost": "28.41",
              "data_read_per_join": "5K"
            },
            "used_columns": [
              "category_id",
              "storefront_id",
              "usergroup_ids",
              "status"
            ],
            "attached_condition": "((`test2_gaseus`.`cscart_categories`.`storefront_id` in (0,1)) and ((`test2_gaseus`.`cscart_categories`.`usergroup_ids` = '') or (0 <> find_in_set(0,`test2_gaseus`.`cscart_categories`.`usergroup_ids`)) or (0 <> find_in_set(1,`test2_gaseus`.`cscart_categories`.`usergroup_ids`))) and (`test2_gaseus`.`cscart_categories`.`status` in ('A','H')))"
          }
        },
        {
          "table": {
            "table_name": "product_position_source",
            "access_type": "eq_ref",
            "possible_keys": [
              "PRIMARY",
              "pt"
            ],
            "key": "PRIMARY",
            "used_key_parts": [
              "category_id",
              "product_id"
            ],
            "key_length": "6",
            "ref": [
              "const",
              "test2_gaseus.cscart_products_categories.product_id"
            ],
            "rows_examined_per_scan": 1,
            "rows_produced_per_join": 1,
            "filtered": "100.00",
            "cost_info": {
              "read_cost": "0.35",
              "eval_cost": "0.14",
              "prefix_cost": "28.90",
              "data_read_per_join": "22"
            },
            "used_columns": [
              "product_id",
              "category_id",
              "position"
            ]
          }
        }
      ]
    }
  }
}