SELECT 
  cscart_product_prices.product_id, 
  MIN(
    IF(
      cscart_product_prices.percentage_discount = 0, 
      cscart_product_prices.price, 
      cscart_product_prices.price - (
        cscart_product_prices.price * cscart_product_prices.percentage_discount
      )/ 100
    )
  ) AS price 
FROM 
  cscart_product_prices 
WHERE 
  cscart_product_prices.product_id IN (
    236, 237, 238, 239, 286, 287, 288, 289, 
    290, 291, 292, 3922, 3923, 3924, 3925, 
    3926, 3927, 3928, 3976, 3977, 3978, 
    3979, 3980, 3981, 3982, 4028, 4029, 
    4030, 4031, 4032, 4033, 4034, 4035, 
    4036, 4037, 4038, 4039, 4040, 4041, 
    4117, 4118, 4119, 4120, 4121, 4122, 
    4123, 4171, 4172
  ) 
  AND cscart_product_prices.lower_limit = 1 
  AND cscart_product_prices.usergroup_id IN (0, 1) 
GROUP BY 
  cscart_product_prices.product_id

Query time 0.00108

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "33.61"
    },
    "grouping_operation": {
      "using_filesort": false,
      "table": {
        "table_name": "cscart_product_prices",
        "access_type": "range",
        "possible_keys": [
          "usergroup",
          "product_id",
          "lower_limit",
          "usergroup_id"
        ],
        "key": "product_id",
        "used_key_parts": [
          "product_id"
        ],
        "key_length": "3",
        "rows_examined_per_scan": 48,
        "rows_produced_per_join": 9,
        "filtered": "19.99",
        "index_condition": "(`test2_gaseus`.`cscart_product_prices`.`product_id` in (236,237,238,239,286,287,288,289,290,291,292,3922,3923,3924,3925,3926,3927,3928,3976,3977,3978,3979,3980,3981,3982,4028,4029,4030,4031,4032,4033,4034,4035,4036,4037,4038,4039,4040,4041,4117,4118,4119,4120,4121,4122,4123,4171,4172))",
        "cost_info": {
          "read_cost": "32.65",
          "eval_cost": "0.96",
          "prefix_cost": "33.61",
          "data_read_per_join": "230"
        },
        "used_columns": [
          "product_id",
          "price",
          "percentage_discount",
          "lower_limit",
          "usergroup_id"
        ],
        "attached_condition": "((`test2_gaseus`.`cscart_product_prices`.`lower_limit` = 1) and (`test2_gaseus`.`cscart_product_prices`.`usergroup_id` in (0,1)))"
      }
    }
  }
}